Software Cost Estimation (W0. Studies within the last few years have shown that a great. IBM's Consulting Group did a survey of 2. Hussein. 2. 00. 2a). The Standish Group also did a study in 1. United States and found that 5. Information on the courses, projects, research, and software of Dr. Jay-Evan Tevis at LeTourneau University in Longview, Texas. Basic Concepts Of Software Engineering Ppt By Pressman\u0027s Home![]() Hussein. 2. 00. 2a). Although these numbers are from a few years ago, they likely. Hussein. 2. 00. 2b). The problem of making accurate cost estimates can be. Basic Concepts Of Software Engineering Ppt By Pressman Games![]() CSC340 University of Toronto 13 1. Risk Identification • Identify product-specific risks – Risks that can only be identified by those with a clear understanding. I have covered what is White box Testing in previous article. Here I will concentrate on Black box testing. BBT advantages, disadvantages and and How Black box. Breaking News! A new blog. visit OnCenter, Roger Pressman's running commentary on the world at large. A new edition. the 7th edition of Software Engineering is. ![]() Cost estimation is an often overlooked. To. Top. 2. 1 Defining Cost Estimation. Cost estimation can be defined as the approximate judgement of the. Cost estimation will never be an exact science. Futhermore, any process that involves a significant human factor can never. Furthermore, software development for any fair- sized project will. Cost estimation is usually measured in terms of effort. The most common. metric used is person months or years (or man months or years). The effort. is the amount of time for one person to work for a certain period of time. It is important that the specific characteristics of the development. A. clear example of differences in development environments are the amount of. North. America is 4. Europe the typical workweek is 3. Londeix. 1. 98. 7). Thus, when comparing a project from North America with a. Europe, a conversion factor would have to be used to all for. Different variables can be used for cost. For example, a cost estimate can. To. Estimation and Project Planning. Cost estimation is an important tool that can affect the planning and. Because there are a finite number of resources for. A cost estimate done at the. Requirements. can be prioritized to ensure that the most important features are included. The risk of a project is reduced when the most important. Thus, cost estimation can have a big. Cost estimation can also have an important effect on resource. It is prudent for a company to allocate better resources, such. Manpower loading is a. Most of time, it is. When tools are used for estimation, management and. For. example, one tradeoff may be to invest in a more powerful integrated. IDE). so that the number of personnel working on a project could be reduced. Cost estimation has a large impact on project planning and management.< To. Estimation During the Software Life Cycle. Cost estimation should be done throughout the entire life cycle. The. first time cost estimation can be done is at the beginning of the project. Cost estimation may even be. For example, several. Doing cost estimation during the entire life cycle allows for the. Periodic. re- estimation is a way to gauge the progress of the project and whether. Effective monitoring and control of the software costs is required for. Tools. are available to help organize and manage the cost estimates and the data. People are less likely to. It is not always the. Some thought should be. The metrics that are gathered will be highly. The success of a cost estimate method is not necessarily the accuracy. An organization that does a great deal of. However, in general, the method will be better if it converges quickly to. At the end of the project, all estimation. To. Estimator. The people who do the cost estimates could be either directly or. Someone who has knowledge of the. The. historical data is often limited to the memory of the estimator. In this. case, the estimator would need to be experienced and would likely have. Some people believe it is better if the estimates are done by outsiders. It is true that people outside an. For example, the developer for a company. The disadvantage of having an outside estimate is that. An empirical method. Constructive Cost Model. COCOMO), which is discussed in more detail in section 5. Empirical methods of estimation can be used by all types of estimators. There may be some resistance to using an empirical method of estimation. People who are accurate estimators are rare in our experience, and. To. General Steps and Remarks. To give the reader a better idea of how software cost estimation fits. The steps are not numbered because they are not. As well, although they generally. Although this may at first seem to be confusing. The first and most important step is to establish a cost estimate plan. Pressman. 2. 00. 1). In this plan, it should be stated what data will be gathered. Determining which data is to be gathered is essentially stating. This decision can influence the amount. There is obviously no point in gathering. This will seem unnecessary, and require more. Although it. may seem like a good idea to gather metrics that will not be used in the. A fair amount of thought should be put into the. The second step is to perform a cost estimation based on the. Decomposition of the project can be done at this time if a. Keep in mind that it is. If there are wide variances in the estimates of the. Humphrey. 1. 99. 0). During the lifecycle, re- estimates should be done to allow for. The re- estimates could be done at major. This. decision will depend on the situation. Changes may have to be made to the. At the end of the project, a final assessment of the results of the. This allows a company to. To. Document Overview. The remainder of this document. The cost estimation process is. Six methods. of doing cost estimation are described in section 4. A popular. empirical method of estimation is discussed in section 5. Finally, section 6. Pressman Software Engineering Resources: Software Testing Methods. Testing Best Practices (pdf)An downloadable, in- depth paper on Testing Best Practices. Effective Software Testing - A Guide. Software Testing Techniques Diagram. A useful diagram that provides a visual taxonomy of testing techniques. Testing Resources. Software Testing Resources - 1. Excellent collection of links and papers on software testing developed by Bret Pettichord. Many useful pointers to test automation sources. Recommended. Software Testing Resources - 2. Pointers to a variety of papers on test case design. Software Testing Resources - 3. The Google hot list for software testing. Software Testing Resources - 4. Compiled by The Computer Information Center. Software Testing Resources - 5. A comprehensive collection of links provided by Construx. Software Testing Methodolog. A worthwhiole collection of links that has a techniques and methods focus. Recommended. Usability Testing Methods and Tools. Contains pointers to usability testing resources. Software testing Methods Videos. Pointers to a variety of online videos on software testing methods. White Box Testing Resources. Pointers to techniques and tools.Testing Papers and Articles - General.A survey of Software testing. Sony Vegas Pro 9 Portable Dual Dvd there. Excellent introduction at Wikipedia. Recommended. Software Testing. A survey of software testing developed at CMU. Recommended. pdf: Software Testing Best Practices. A paper that lists 2. Software Testing. An in depth discussion of principles, concepts, strategies, methods, metrics and more. Software Testing Wiki"This Wiki is a central place where you can find useful information about software testing. This includes information about Types of Testing such as Load Testing, some information on Testing tools, links to other useful testing resources and a testing glossary."pdf: Reusable Software Component Design: Validation testing. A discussion of validation testing of reusable components. Software Testing by Statistical Methods. A summary of research at NIST. Includes links for downloadable papers. Evolution of software testing techniques. A useful discussion with a few worthwhile pointers to other sources. An Evaluation Scheme of Software Testing Techniques. A dated, but still worthwhile papers on test techniques characteristics. Software Testing Tutorial. A multipart tutorial on testing along with pointers to other articles. Recommended. The Testing Techniques Newsletter. An excellent source of information on testing methods. Better Software Magazine. A print source whose web site presented feature articles on testing and QA issues. Software Testing Information Sources. Articles on black- box and white box testing methods. Software Testing and QAAddresses criteria for effective testing, testing "screwed up" code, writing test cases, patterns and much more. Recommended. Bug Tracking and Defect Tracking. Contains quality assurance/testing links with an emphasis on bug tracking and defect tracking tools, articles, sites, books, forums and related subjects. Recommended. Automated Combinatorial Testing for Software - beyond pairwise testing. An advanced topics article by NIST. Object Oriented Test Strategy for Web Applications. A slide show that address Web. App testing from an OO perspective. Video: Software Testing Tutorial. For those with ADD, a very brief tutorial on testing. Video: Software Testing: Bug Life Cycle. A very brief discussion of the life of a bug. Video: Becoming a Software Testing Expert. A worthwhile video by expert James Bach. Recommended. (5. 7: 3. Video/Web. Cast: Five views of software testing"When you look at software testing, you'll see that testing methods and approaches fall into five views or schools - - Analytical, Standard, Quality, Context- Driven and Agile."Testing Methods. Sorting out black box, white box and gray box software testing methods. A very brief overview of each testing type. Typical black- box and white- box test methods. A simple table listing methods, objective, test type and applicable level. Five Ways to Think about Black Box Testing. A brief commentary by Brad Petticord. What is a White Box Testing Strategy? A brief but useful discussion. White Box Testing. An indepth article of the subject. White- Box Testing. A worthwhile article in Dr. Dobbs'. White- box vs. The merits of white- box vs. Explore the World of Gray Box Testing?"Gray box testing will increase our testing coverage by allowing you to focus on all of the layers of any complex system through the combination of all existing white and black box techniques."Video: A Course in Black Box Software Testing. A video- based course by prominent testing experts James Bach and Kem Caner, available for download. Recommended. Comparison of Black- Box and White- Box Testing. A brief comparison along with a discussion of flow graphs. Survey of Black- Box and White- Box Methods. Part of a testing tutorial. White- Box Testing. An article with pointers to additional testing resources. Black- Box Testing. An article with pointers to additional testing resources. All About Code Coverage - a White Box Testing Technique. Discusses testing techniques to achieve code coverage. Coverage Testing in the 9. A useful tutorial on software testing methods includes discussion of both black- box and white- box methods. Risk- Based Testing. An article by James Bach. Usability Testing - 1. A detailed article on usability testing and the role of the user in the testing process. Also pointers to other resources. Usability Testing - 2. A useful paper that describes how to approach usability testing. Testing Patterns. So what is a software testing pattern? A very brief introduction with a number of useful points. Patterns for object- oriented testing. Patterns for object- oriented testing. The Test Design Pattern Template. A pattern template organized to accommodate a testing pattern. Testing Patterns Catalog. A comprehensive collection of links to testing patterns. Test Design Patterns Catalog. A test design patterns catalog. Unfortunately, limited links available. Test Design Patterns Resources. A collection of links to useful testing pattern resources. Testing Patterns Resources. A short list of links. A Pattern Language for Software Debugging"The patterns in this language are grouped into three major sections and connect the three concepts of test, error, and debug."A Category Partition Test Design Pattern. A detailed description of this test pattern can be used as a case study in the proper explication of a pattern. Rapid Embedded System Testing Using Verification Patterns"The Verification Pattern approach classifies system scenarios into patterns. For each scenario pattern (SP), the test engineer can develop a script template to test all the scenarios that belong to the same pattern."Testing Anti- Patterns: Incidental Coverage. What not to do when testing. Using Test Case Patterns To Estimate Software Development And Quality Management Costs. An interesting take on effort estimation. Article on testing patterns for OO Software. An article by Scott Ambler that discusses process and techniques as well as patterns. Testing Smalltalk with Patterns. An article by Kent Beck (developer of XP)Video: Automated Testing Patterns (5. A lengthy discussion of patterns for automated testing. Object- Oriented Testing (OOT) Methods. OO Testing Resources. Excellent collection of OO testing resources. Recommended. Object Oriented Testing Issues. A few comments on OO testing. Object- Oriented Testing: Myth and Reality. In depth commentary by Robert Binder. OOT Issues. A useful paper by Ed Berard. OOT Framework. Guidance on the testing of object- oriented class hierarchies. A Collection of Papers on OOTResearch- oriented papers on OOT related subjects by John Mc. Gregor. Among dozens of books that present test case design methods are: Software Testing: Across the Entire Software Development Life Cycle. Pragmatic Software Testing. Critical Testing Processes: Plan, Prepare, Perform, Perfect. Software Testing and Continuous Quality Improvement, third edition. Software Testing Techniques: Finding the Defects that Matter. Practical Software Testing. Effective Software Testing: 5. Specific Ways to Improve Your Testing. Introducing Software Testing (ACM Press)Systematic Software Testing. Introducing Software Testing. How to Break Software. Software Testing: A Craftman’s Approach, second edition. The Web Testing Handbook. Software Testing. Testing Computer Software, second edition. Software Testing Methods and Metrics. The Craft of Software Testing.
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